Cement production is vital for the rapid economic development of any country. India is actually one of the largest producers of Cement. India holds the unique distinction of having an installed capacity of 500 million tons per annum with a production of 298 million tons per annum. Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of cement followed by Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Kerala.
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The soundness of concrete is the property of solidified bond glue experiencing an extensive change in volume in the wake of setting without postponed ruinous development. This dangerous development is caused by intemperate measures of free lime or magnesia. This adjustment in volume may cause a crack and break down of cement. The soundness of the bond can be checked by utilizing the Le-Chatelier’s apparatus. Soundness is the only volumetric difference in the concrete. Presents of chemicals, for example, CaO, MgO will respond with the water shown in the bond glue and it will expand the volume of cement glue while solidifying. It might make breaks in the building maintain a strategic distance from that it is necessary to discover the soundness of concrete before utilizing that. It might fluctuate to each kind of bond even for each clump. Soundness ought not to surpass 10 mm for OPC.
The solidified property of cement or mortar is for the most part affected by the property of concrete. Ordinarily, once the solid or mortar get solidified, they don’t go under extension or constriction. i.e. the volume of cement or mortar does not change once they are set. The soundness of the bond is a critical property. Soundness alludes to the capacity of bond glue to hold its volume after it has to get solidified.
After the drying of bond mortar or solid, it ought not to experience any obvious change in volume. On the off chance that it does, it will cause extension/compression on drying. Therefore, there are odds of improvement of breaks. Pointless development or constriction happening because of deterioration is called an unsound bond. The unsound bond can make genuine inconveniences the sturdiness of structures when such concrete is utilized. A decent unsound bond never goes under any volume changes once it sets and there is no extension or withdrawal in the wake of drying.
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Ordinarily, because of the nearness of free lime (CaO) or magnesia (MgO) in bond, the glue extends after it has set which likewise impedes its quality. Hence, Portland bond details constrain the nearness of free lime and magnesia in concrete substance. Amid the assembling procedure of concrete, crude materials are nourished into the oven. Different crude materials like lime (Cao) and some acidic oxide blended inside the furnace. On the off chance that consuming and cooling forms are not acceptable, the abundance lime will stay in a free condition. This hard-consumed lime hydrates gradually and slaked lime involves the bigger volume than the first free calcium oxide. The moderate hydration process thusly influences the solidified property of mortar or cement. The distinction of hydration rate between free lime and slaked lime prompts a change in the volume of mortar or cement. The bond which shows this sort of development is depicted as unsound.
A bond can likewise be unsound because of the nearness of magnesium oxide (MgO), which responds with water in a way like lime. The third compound at risk to cause extension is calcium sulfate (CaSo4). For this situation, calcium sulfoaluminate is shaped inside the oven. It might be reviewed that a hydrate of calcium sulfate – gypsum is added to concrete clinker keeping in mind the end goal to avert streak set. In any case, if gypsum is available in an abundance sum it will respond with C3A amid setting and unsoundness as a moderate development will come about. Thus, as far as possible entirely the measure of gypsum can be added to the clinker. The breaking points are well erring on the side of caution the extent that the threats of unsoundness are concerned.
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Cement is an adhesive material, capable of bonding particles of solid matter into a compact sturdy and durable mass. Cement has various types, one such classification is hydraulic and non-hydraulic.
Bulk Cement can be assembled either from natural stones or artificially, with the help of calcareous and argillaceous materials. Some of the natural cement are Roman cement, Pozzolana cement, and Medina cement. Portland cement and other special cement classify as artificial cement.
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Cement is the principal commodity of any foundation. Cement comes in different categories, grades and has varied properties. In India,. Cement is differentiated mostly on the quantity requirement, as Trade or non-Trade. To understand how to purchase non-trade cement its first important to address the meaning and difference between the two.
Cement is the root of any construction. House construction is a big commitment in terms of money and efforts. Anyone committing to constructing their own house always has a plethora of questions, what cement to use is a consistent one. Cement is classified into a grading system. These grades are appointed on the compression strength of concrete, which is the ability to hold the load without falling apart. The strength of any cement is measured in megapascals and can be accurately determined after 28 days of setting. Different grades of cement are used for different infrastructure developments, the following are a few cement grades used extensively for house construction.
Cement is an inevitable part of any construction and is used in high quantities for structure building. The strength of any structure depends on several factors, cement quality being one of the most important one. The longevity of a structure is decided at the initial steps of construction with the help of architectural maps, brick quality, cement quality, etc. Before cement procurement, it is important to determine the quality. Cement is a structure binding agent and any negligence in its quality can lead to the whole structure coming crashing down. Certain defined techniques have proven to be beneficial in determining the cement quality. Let’s discuss them:
About OPC 53
The OPC 53 Cement is high Blaine Portland cement. Ambuja was the first company that introduced OPC 53 in the market. Due to its high strength and high performance, it is very demanding products worldwide. Apart from its main usage of concrete sleepers manufacturing, it is also be used as a pre-stressed concrete.
Due to its finest quality and meets the benchmarking for quality standards in the industry, the Ambuja Cement Company is the first company that received the ISO 9002 quality certification. Presently, the company has generated revenue of 29.65 million.
What are the Benefits of Using the Cement for Making Railway Sleepers?
Some of the benefits for making railway sleepers that are discussed below:
Concrete is a composite material consisting of the total (rock and sand), cement, and water. As a development material, cement can be thrown fit as a fiddle wanted, and once solidified, can turn into a basic (stack bearing) component.
A grade of cement indicates the strength of cement. The strength of cement is generally measured as compressive strength.The strength of cement is the most important of all the cement properties. Compressive strength is generally measured after 28 days of curing for a standard cube. Compressive strength measured in Mega pascal (Mpa) or in N/mm2.
i) 33 Grade OPC:
The 33-grade cement means that the compressive strength of the cement after 28 days is 33N/mm2 when tested as per Indian Standards under standard conditions. This type of cement is used for general construction work under normal environmental condition.
ii) 43 grade OPC:
• It is the most widely used general purpose cement.
• For concrete grades upto M-30, precast elements.
• For marine structures but C3A should be between 5 – 8%.
iii) 53 grade OPC:
• For concrete grade higher than M-30, PSC works, bridge, roads, multistoried buildings etc.
• For use in cold weather concreting.
• For marine structures but C3A should be between 5 – 8%.
iv) Portland Slag Cement (PSC) i.e. OPC + granulated slag: It gives low heat of hydration. The slag should be more than 50% and upto 70%. It is used for ;
• Marine and off shore structures- very high chloride and sulphate resistant. • Sewage disposal treatments works
• Water treatment plants
• Constructions which are expected to be attacked by dissolved chlorides and sulphate ions.
• Should be mainly used for all future structures.
v) Portland Pozzolana Cement: IS: 1489(part-I) – 1991 (using flyash):
• It gives low heat of hydration and reduces the leaching of calcium hydroxide. This cement should be used only after proper evaluation. This should be tested as per IS: 1489 (Pt I) – 1991. It is used for :
• hydraulic structures- dams, retaining walls
• Marine structures
• Mass concrete works- like bridge footings
• under aggressive conditions
• Masonry mortar and plastering.
vi) SRC- Sulphate Resisting Cement: (C3A < 3%) Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement is a type of Portland Cement in which the amount of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is restricted to lower than 5% and 2C3A + C4AF lower than 25%. The SRC can be used for structural concrete wherever OPC or PPC or Slag Cement are usable under normal conditions.
The use of SRC is particularly beneficial in such conditions where the concrete is exposed to the risk of deterioration due to sulphate attack, for example, in contact with soils and ground waters containing excessive amounts of sulphates as well as for concrete in sea water or exposed directly to sea coast.
Conclusion:
Different types of cement for different Application: Desirable to Construct foundations,sewage and water works in Sulphate resistant cements, RCC in 43 or 53 OPC,Plastering and masonry work in PPC.
It will optimise the cost and improve the quality of construction.
